COMMUNICATIONS CORRELATE TRUST IN PAKISTAN ARMY: RECOMMENDING MEASURES FOR IMAGE BUILDING

Authors

  • Dr. Mudassar Hussain Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore Garrison University
  • Dr. Humayun Sattar F.Z Consultancy and Research Wing
  • Bakhtawar Fayyaz Master of Philosophy, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore Garrison Univeristy, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37435/nbr.v6i1.76

Keywords:

Video malaise theory, virtuous circle theory, communications, trust in Army

Abstract

Purpose: Trust in defense institutions is vital for national cohesion and national integration. For this purpose, the media dependency theory, video malaise theory, and virtuous circle theory are extended to propose a theoretical framework. Against this background, the objectives of the study are to explain public trust by analyzing the correlation of the uses of communications with the trust in the Pakistan Army.

Design/Methodology: :To conduct this research quantitative approach is used, a purposive sample of (n = 269) university students is selected based on a sample collected from the universities in Lahore. The survey method was used to collect data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 was used for applying the correlations and partial correlation tests.

Findings: : Communications on Twitter and Facebook are creating distrust for the Pakistan Army, but the interpersonal forms of communication are creating trust for the Pakistan Army. The study finds major support for the media malaise theory. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 

Originality: This study painted a more comprehensive picture of the trust in the army in the evolving media environment in Pakistan.

 

References

Ahmad, T., Alvi, A., & Ittefaq, M. (2019). The Use of Social Media on Political Participation Among University Students: An Analysis of Survey Results From Rural Pakistan. SAGE Open, 9(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019864484 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019864484

Akinola, O. A., Omar, B., & Mustapha, L. K. (2022). Corruption in the Limelight: The Relative Influence of Traditional Mainstream and Social Media on Political Trust in Nigeria. International Journal of Communication, 16, 1460–1481.

Avery, J. M. (2009). Videomalaise or virtuous circle?: The influence of the news media on political trust. International Journal of Press/Politics, 14(4), 410–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161209336224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161209336224

Bakker, M. H., van Bommel, M., Kerstholt, J. H., & Giebels, E. (2018). The influence of accountability for the crisis and type of crisis on people’s behavior, feelings, and relationship with the government. Public Relations Review, 44(2), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.02.004

Bekmagambetov, A., Wagner, K. M., Gainous, J., Sabitov, Z., Rodionov, A., & Gabdulina, B. (2018). Critical social media communication flows: Political trust and protest behaviour among Kazakhstani college students. Central Asian Survey, 37(4), 526–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2018.1479374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2018.1479374

Berzina, I. (2018). Political Trust and Russian Media in Latvia. Journal on Baltic Security, 4(2), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2018-0008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2018-0008

Ceron, A. (2015). Internet, News, and Political Trust: The Difference Between Social Media and Online Media Outlets. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(5), 487–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12129

Chang, W. C. (2022). Media use, political trust and attitude toward direct democracy: empirical evidence from Taiwan. Online Communication Review, 46(4), 733–753. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-09-2019-0290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-09-2019-0290

Chen, C., Li, L., & Ye, J. (2022). Unofficial Media, Government Trust, and System Confidence Evidence From China: An Empirical Exploration of the Attitudes of Netizens Based on the Dual Moderating Effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(January), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763658 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763658

Chen, J., & Sun, L. (2019). Media Influence on Citizens’ Government Trust: A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis of China. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(13), 1122–1134. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1575854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2019.1575854

Citrin, J. (1974). Comment: The Political Relevance of Trust in Government. American Political Science Review, 68(3), 973–988. https://doi.org/10.2307/1959141 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1959141

Citrin, J., & Stoker, L. (2018). Political Trust in a Cynical Age. Annual Review of Political Science, 21, 49–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050316- 092550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050316-092550

Curran, J., Coen, S., Soroka, S., Aalberg, T., Hayashi, K., Hichy, Z., Iyengar, S., Jones, P., Mazzoleni, G., Papathanassopoulos, S., Rhee, W., Rojas, H., Rowe, D., Tiffen, R., & Coen, S. (2014). Reconsidering “virtuous circle” and “media malaise” theories of the media: An 11-nation study. Journalism, 15(7), 815=833. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913520198 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884913520198

Enli, G., & Rosenberg, L. T. (2018). Trust in the Age of Social Media: Populist Politicians Seem More Authentic. Social Media and Society, 4(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118764430 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118764430

Godefroidt, A., Langer, A., & Meuleman, B. (2017). Developing political trust in a developing country: the impact of institutional and cultural factors on political trust in Ghana. Democratization, 24(6), 906–928. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1248416 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1248416

Gong, Q., Verboord, M., & Wang, Y. (2022). Media usage and political trust among young adults in China: The role of media credibility, trust in sources and political membership. Global Media and Communication, 18(3), 301–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/17427665221125553 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17427665221125553

Haro-de-rosario, A., Sáez-martín, A., & Caba-pérez, M. C. (2018). Using social media to enhance citizen engagement with local government : Twitter or Facebook ? New Media and Society, 20(1), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816645652 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816645652

Hinojosa, M., Fridkin, K. L., & Kittilson, M. C. (2017). The impact of descriptive representation on “persistent” gender gaps: political engagement and political trust in Uruguay. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 5(3), 435–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2017.1330215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2017.1330215

Hirvilammi, T. (2020). The Virtuous Circle of Sustainable Welfare as a Transformative Policy Idea. Sustainability, 12(1), 391. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010391 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010391

Hussain, M., & Baig, M. D. (2023). Study of Multiple Communication Sources, Social Categories and Perceptions regarding COVID-19 in Pakistan. In R. Hassan & K. Patel (Eds.), Digital Media & Pandemic: Experiences & Ameliorations (Ist, pp. 54–99). The International Institute of Knowledge Management (TIIKM).

Hussain, M., Saeed, R., & Yasin, Z. (2021). Social media usage patterns among university students in urban Lahore. Journal of Media Studies, 36(2), 69–81.

Hussain, M., Saleem, N., Hanan, M. A., & Lodhi, R. N. (2023). Media, interpersonal, personal characteristics and online participation for climate change: structural equation modeling to determine digital discourse in Pakistan. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-09-2022-0227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-09-2022-0227

Iftikhar, I., Sultana, I., & Tanveer, S. (2021). Impact of TV Talk Shows on Political Efficacy of University Students of Pakistan. Global Mass Review, VI(I), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(vii).22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021(VI-I).22

Jacobsen, R. A. (2020). Videomalaise or a Virtuous Circle ? A Cross-National and Longitudinal Analysis of the Relationship between Television News and Political Trust. (Master’s Thesis). University of Oslo.

Khalifa, H. H. K. (2020). Media Dependency during COVID-19 Pandemic and Trust in Government: The Case of Bahrain. International Journal of Management (IJM), 11(11), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.11.2020.032

Kipkoech, G. (2023). Media Use and Political Trust in Kenya : Media Malaise or Virtuous Circle ? International Journal of, 17, 2643–2664. https://doi.org/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19607

Laor, T., & Lissitsa, S. (2022). Mainstream, on-demand, and social media consumption and trust in government handling of the COVID crisis. Online Communication Review, 46(7), 1335–1352. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-06-2021-0299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-06-2021-0299

Lee, H. (2021). Does the medium matter? Linking citizens’ use of the platform for communication about urban policies to the decision to trust in local government. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052723 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052723

Lee, K. M. (2006). Effects of Internet Use on College Students’ Political Efficacy. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 9(4), 415–422. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.415 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.415

Lissitsa, S. (2021). Effects of digital use on trust in political institutions among ethnic minority and hegemonic group – A case study. Technology in Society, 66(March), 101633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101633

Liu, P. L. (2023). Parasocial relationship in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: A moderated mediation model of digital media exposure on political trust among Chinese young people. Computers in Human Behavior, 141(December 2022), 107639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107639

Lu, J., Qi, L., & Yu, X. (2019). Political trust in the Internet context: A comparative study in 36 countries. Government Communication Quarterly, 36(4), 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.06.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.06.003

Lyu, J. C. (2012). Public Relations Review How do young Chinese depend on the media during public health crises ? A comparative perspective. Public Relations Review, 38(5), 799–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.07.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.07.006

Macháčková, H., & Tkaczyk, M. (2020). The Effect of Media and Political Beliefs and Attitudes on Trust in Political Institutions: a Multilevel Analysis on Data From 21 European Countries. Today, 11(2), 64–83.

Meng, X., & Li, Y. (2022). Parsing the Relationship Between Political News Consumption and Hierarchical Political Trust in China. Journalism Practice, 16(7), 1363–1382. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1867623 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1867623

Meng, X., & Zhou, S. (2022). News Media Effects on Political Institutional and System Trust: The Moderating Role of Political Values. Asian Perspective, 46(1), 157–181. https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2022.0006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2022.0006

Miao, H., Wu, H. C., & Huang, O. (2022). The influence of media use on different modes of political participation in China: political trust as the mediating factor. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 00(00), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2021.2022851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2021.2022851

Moy, P., & Scheufele, D. A. (1996). Media Effects on Political and Social Trust. Journalism and Mass Quarterly, 77(4), 744–759. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900007700403 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900007700403

Mutz, D. C., & Reeves, B. (2005). The New Videomalaise: Effects of Televised Incivility on Political Trust. American Political Science Review, 99(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051452

Neuman, W. L. (2002). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (Seventh Ed, Vol. 30, Issue 3). Pearson Education Limited. https://doi.org/10.2307/3211488 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3211488

Norris, P. (2000). A Virtuous Circle : Political in Post Industrial Societies (W. L. Bennett & R. M. Entman (eds.)). Cambridge University Press. www.cambridge.org/9780521790154 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609343

Regan, Á., McConnon, Á., Kuttschreuter, M. Ô., Rutsaert, P., Shan, L., Pieniak, Z., Barnett, J., Verbeke, W., & Wall, P. (2014). The impact of communicating conflicting risk and benefit messages: An experimental study on red meat communication. Food Quality and Preference, 38, 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.05.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.05.019

Robinson, M. J. (2015). Public Affairs Television and the Growth of Political Malaise : The Case of " The Selling of the Pentagon " Public Affairs Television and the Growth of Political Malaise : The Case of " The Selling of the Pentagon". American Political Science Review, 70(2), 409–432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1959647 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1959647

Rokeach, S. J. B., & DeFleur, M. L. (2013). A Dependency Model of Mass-Media Effects. Communication Research, 3(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365027600300101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/009365027600300101

Rosenberg, S., Nelson, C., & Vivekananthan, P. S. (1968). A Multidimensional Approach To the Structure of Personality Impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(4), 283–294. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0026086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0026086

Sarantakos, S. (1998). Social Research (Second edi). Macmillan Press LTD. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14884-4

Schuck, A. (2017). Media Malaise and Political Cynicism. The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects, July, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0066

Shen, F., & Guo, Z. S. (2013). The last refuge of media persuasion: news use, national pride and political trust in China. Asian Journal of Communication, 23(2), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2012.725173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2012.725173

Varpio, L., Paradis, E., Uijtdehaage, S., & Young, M. (2020). The Distinctions Between Theory, Theoretical Framework, and Conceptual Framework. Academic Medicine, 95(7), 989–994. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003075 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003075

Wang, C. H. (2016). Government Performance, Corruption, and Political Trust in East Asia. Social Science Quarterly, 97(2), 211–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12223 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12223

Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2011). Mass Media Research (9th edition). Michael Rosenberg.

Xu, P., Ye, Y., & Zhang, M. (2022). Exploring the effects of traditional media, social media, and foreign media on hierarchical levels of political trust in China. Global Media and China, 7(3), 357–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/20594364221115270 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20594364221115270

You, Y., & Wang, Z. (2020). The Internet, political trust, and regime types : a cross-national and multilevel analysis. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 21, 68–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109919000203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109919000203

Zhou, D., Deng, W., & Wu, X. (2020). Impacts of Internet Use on Political Trust: New Evidence from China. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 56(14), 3235–3251. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2019.1644161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2019.1644161

Zulqarnain, W., & Hassan, T. ul. (2019). Media Reliance and Communication Seeking Habits of Pakistani Millennials. Journal of Media Studies, 32(2), 1–36.

Downloads

Published

2024-07-19

How to Cite

Hussain , D. M., Sattar, D. H., & Fayyaz, B. (2024). COMMUNICATIONS CORRELATE TRUST IN PAKISTAN ARMY: RECOMMENDING MEASURES FOR IMAGE BUILDING. NUST Business Review, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.37435/nbr.v6i1.76